The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House | Analysis

The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House AnalysisINTRODUCTIONThe novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is stigmatise in the Jazz Age of America in the 1920s, where the end of the Great War brought a period of peace and prosperity. Mass production entirelyowed much wider retrieve to new consumer goods, much(prenominal) as radios and cars. The women of this era wore short hair and short dresses, and in many Western countries they fin wholey achieved the right to ballot. The former restrictions that applied to women were re markd by a new feeling of freedom. The play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen was commencement ceremony performed in 1879, and with the vitrines of Nora and Torvald Helmer it illustrates the subordinate and confining position of women in br early(a)wisehoods of the recently Nineteenth Century. Torvald Helmer would throw away been easily recognised by the sense of hearing as a representative depiction of the middle class male attitude. Gender roles be hig hly defined in this play rase with the sanctioned limitations of women and expectation that women would remain in domestic web sites. Attitudes to coupling and births be reflected powerfully in these devil pieces of work, where both protagonists, although they sh atomic number 18 some similarities, chip in extremely differing perceptions of what they want in life, which includes the different outlook each has on their marital relationship.Each of these works go off be considered as early contributors to the body of fresh literature. Although both are intensively refer with their specific characters, they allow the reader to come to an appreciation of attitudes towards uniting and relationships.Both The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House tolerate make their contribution into the garnerion of literature that have marked the 1800-1900s, and through their portrayal of interesting and unambiguously developed characters they have allowed reflection on the parliamentary law of their time. Both pieces of work are modern in the sense of dealing with challenging issues which face modern society. The women Daisy Buchanon from The Great Gatsby and Nora Helmer from A Dolls House have been specifically chosen, humans the obedient and subordinate possessions of their keep ups, who sparely mask their possible intellectual potential. Whilst Nora develops a dramatic character change passim the drama by realising her duties to her ego, Daisy remains and accepts the selfsame(prenominal) person she was at the beginning of The Great Gatsby. In this essay, comparisons will be made concerning both Nora and Daisys relationships with their economises and children, as well as a deeper analysis into their personalities, uncovering their secret beliefs and motivations.In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, each character is noteworthy when establishing the confusions and complexities of complaisant relationships. The novel is considered a representation of the golden age of jazz and all of its extremes. The doweryies that Gatsby would host demonstrated the extreme ostentation of this era wealth, luxury and corruption. The novel begins with a verse commendation from Thomas Park DInvilliers to introduce it Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her and this is suggesting that one must do all things possible to impress the cleaning woman whose love one seeks. The novel is narrated by Nick Carraway, he is a persona adopted by the author and as a moral barometer the readers tin value his insights and feel that he will be a reliable informant. by dint of his eyes and experiences we meet other characters and learn of all the relationships included in the novel.The chronology of the imports of The Great Gatsby begins with the protagonist, Jay Gatsby, meeting and falling in love with a young Daisy while he is still a poor officer. When he is sent overseas, Daisy marries the actually rich yet fierce tom Buchanan. Fitzgerald gives the readers a signif i layaboutt impression of Tom through the use of many descriptive adjectives. The for the first time time the readers are introduced to him he is in riding clothes this accentuates his muscularity, and his high boots are an association with military authority, and the smear that he was standing with his legs apart indicates a stance of faith and power.Daisy, who becomes Toms wife, is in addition introduced to the readers in an imposing way. She is described as charming, passionate and witty and the readers learn that she had a sad and lovely face. Fitzgerald shows her personality as appealing, attention seeking, teasing and captivating in the sense that when she talks one enjoys being in her presence. Tom and Daisy also have a three year old daughter. When the readers are introduced to these characters they also learn that the relationship amid them is not a typical relationship that a conjoin couple are expected to have.To add, when Gatsby learns that Tom and Daisy married he decides to pursue wealth endlessly until he becomes a self-made millionaire. Gatsby then moves to New York and occupies a ample mansion, where he begins to host generous parties to which he is hopeful that Daisy will appear. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, vitals next door to Gatsby and he is also Daisys cousin. When Gatsby learns this, he befriends Nick trusting that this will offer him to see Daisy a bring home the bacon, which concomitantually does happen. The relationship amidst Gatsby and Daisy then is the rekind take, which introduces the readers to the central passion of the book as well as one of the most prominent relationships in the novel.Further much, the marital relationship between Daisy and Tom is a very unusual one due to the fact that Tom has a mistress in New York myrtle Wilson, who is also a married woman. The odd thing is Daisys attitude towards this relationship Daisy continues to tolerate with Tom despite her knowledge of his unfaithfulness , and this is the thrust of the novel. This staggers Nick who does not fancy why Daisy does not rush out of the house, child in arms, and also raises the central question, why does Daisy stay with Tom?Additionally, when Nick goes to visit Tom and Daisy at the beginning of the novel, Daisy confides in Nick, she calls herself cynical, and this is reflected in her negative approach to life and relationships. She also tells Nick that she cried when her daughter was born, the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy indicates that being a fool will defend a girl from the harsh truth of infidelity. Daisy cried when her daughter was born, somberness is unyielding in her life. The readers can appreciate that Daisy is not a fool because if she were she wouldnt be concerned about Toms mistress, and Tom is not a caring husband because when his child was born he was not nearby which is kn induce when Daisy tells Nick that Tom was God knows where when their daug hter was less than an hour old. This goes to add to the bizarre fact that Daisy does not leave Tom, despite almost ever soything being wrong in their marriage.Also, the relationship between Myrtle and Tom is one that is clearly driven by wealth. Tom entertains Myrtle in an flatcar in New York. She was young when she married her husband, George Wilson, and she thought that he was a gentleman she had little knowledge that he was a simple soul who had borrowed a suit for his wedding. She loves the sense of wealth from Tom that George could neer issue, and she rest with Tom because of this as well as the status, prestige and ego-flattery that he provides her with. Myrtle enjoys the lifestyle with Tom, in a boasting tone she chatters about the things she intends to purchase. These items are cheap consumables of no financial consequence to Tom.Further much, Myrtle enjoys being a hostess which is reflected in the confident manner she get ons in. She changes into an elaborate dress w hen they get to their apartment with Nick and smiles with pride whenever complemented. When Tom slaps her and breaks her nose at the apartment he has provided her with, he proclaims his power and sense of male authority because that is the type of man he is. This goes to display that this relationship offers Myrtle the wealth and status she would never be able to receive from George only farting her to want it to a greater extent from Tom.Additionally, when Gatsby invites Nick out for lunch he introduces him to Meyer Wolfsheim, who was reputed to be a gambler who fixed the World Series in 1919.This extrajudicial act linked Gatsby with a shady and suspicious reputation. There is no proof that Gatsby was involved in this il levelheaded act but thither is a long-standing association between the men this linkage soils Gatsby, which shows that the relationship between the two men is not a sightly one. The readers know that Gatsby originated as a poor deprived man, who suddenly, driven by his love for Daisy, became wealthy and owned much more then good deal knew he could afford. This goes to show that the origin of Gatsbys wealth may have come illegally and so it is not guaranteed that he may have this wealth forever.Moreover, the play A Dolls House is a clear analysis of a character that goes through a great dynamic change only to find her true self and to remove the dishonest perception of herself in the eyes of those around her. This change lead the character to become fully aware of her life along with an reasonableness of what an insincere life she had misinterpretedly led, and this character is known as Nora Helmer. At the beginning of the play, Nora is portrayed as a childish and naive housewife with a talent for spending money. This view is conveyed through the parent child dialogue she has with her husband and his usual categorization of Nora as an expensive little person with a talent for melting his money in her hands. This evidently reveals Noras relationship with her husband to be very similar to that of a relationship between a defective child and his parents.Also, through the character of Nora, Ibsen shows us that a woman is expected to be little more than a child in her own marriage, unequal to(p) of taking on serious issues, and useful only for her ability to amuse her husband. During the course of the play, as Ibsen takes the reader through the climax of Noras controlled life, he shows how Nora develops into a wiser and more determined woman who learns to have her say. Noras development is highlighted and guided with her growing courage, her direct attempts to become more equal with her husband, and her decision at the end of the play conveys Ibsens judgement that a woman has a duty to herself, and that the marriage she shared with Torvald was so confining to the extent where she could only fulfil her duty to herself by leaving her husband. up to now, Nora learns this through the experiences she undergoes while she was treated more resembling Torvalds child rather than his wife. The fact that she does not retreat at Torvalds comparison of her to minor creatures, but rather she even links herself into his terminology by saying things such as we skylarks and squirrels just proves how blind Nora was towards her husbands arrogance and superiority. A major theme of the play, fraudulence or the prison-breaking between appearance and reality, is introduced in the very first word of the play Hide. Nora wants to hide the Christmas tree so that the children dont see it before it is decorated. The theme is developed passim the play until it is realized that Noras entire relationship with her husband is found on many layers of deception one of these layers is that Nora was constantly aware of the need to flatter and protect Torvalds masculine ego. She disguises her anxiety over the repayment of the substantial loan in battle array to protect Torvald from his own somewhat exaggerated sensitivity.Ano ther strange deception in the play is the macaroons, which are symbolic to their relationship. Torvald forbids them while Nora enjoys them secretly, which just shows that Nora is capable of lies and deception. But the fact that Torvald forbids them because they will spoil Noras teeth also adds to the way in which Nora has more of a father-daughter relationship with Torvald, rather than a husband and wife relationship, because that is a strange instruction to be given to an adult.The deceptive relationship between Torvald and Nora is contrasted with that between Dr Rank and Nora. With Dr Rank, Nora is able to be more truthful and drops the childish-flirtatious act she employs with Torvald, and she is able to have open conversations with him, which shows the audience a different side of Nora. Through the relationship she has with Dr Rank the audience are able to appreciate that Nora can be treated as a woman and handle different positionings in a much stronger manner than Torvald.In A Dolls House, Ibsen explores his interest in the role of women in society. He raises questions about how much a woman has to compromise her own wishes and aims in order to fit into society. Mrs Linde has had to give up her true love, Krogstad, and marry a man she did not love in order to gain the financial security she needed to look afterward her mother and brothers. This is known when Nora asks Kristina why she married her husband and she replies My mother was still alive she was bedridden and helpless, and I had my two younger brothers to look after I didnt feel I could refuse his offer. Therefore, because she let the relationship with her loved one go in order to have the wealth she needed to look after her family, which shows that her life has been one of self-sacrifice rather than self-fulfilment. The relationship between Kristina Linde and Krogstad constitutes the sub-plot. It is of less importance of that of the Helmers, but serves as a contrast to aid the take careing o f the audience of the relationship between the protagonists. Krogstad and Kristina find the mutual need, they are open and truthful, and they move towards emotional love.Ibsen has employed Krogstad to provide a device to bring the play to a climax. He has also provided a different male paradigm to that of Torvald, and when he had fulfilled these tasks, he takes no further part in the play. Krogstad does not hold a grudge he is not vindictive and is prepared to request the return of his letter from Torvald. However Kristina makes the decisive decision of the play, she wants Torvald to find out the truth of Noras secret it was she who saved Torvalds life, she borrowed money and forged her fathers signature without his consent.The novel The Great Gatsby investigates the new incidents that women began take part in society throughout the 1920s. Throughout the novel, in contrast to life before the early 1900s, women were almost on equilibrium with men they were allowed to dress and behave like them. They were also allowed to drink and act in an improper manner at parties, and they also began to express their views more openly. This dramatic change had a great affect on the new established place that they held in society. Daisy is a character who had the wealth and beauty that other girls would day-dream of, that she let Tom degrade her and philander with other women, which made her the inferior of their relationship. Eventually as the novel goes on, Daisy gives herself a sense of freedom when she has the affair with Gatsby, and this is known when Tom is on the telephone, and it is rumoured that he is talking to his girl. Daisy kisses Gatsby and tells him, You know I love you,which is followed by a firm pronouncement to Jordan Baker I dont care, which displays Daisy reacting against Toms infidelity and proclaiming her own standing and independency.Whats more is that although Torvald may regard Nora as extremely inferior to him, he had never used physical force ou t against her, as Tom of The Great Gatsby did on his mistress. When Myrtle attempts to elevate herself by speaking about Daisy, Tom violently lashes out and breaks her nose. Although distressed, Myrlte accepts that she has been put in her place as inferior and submissive to Tom.To add, Tom would resolvent the calls of his mistress at dinner time indicating that he did not have an ounce of concern for Daisys feelings whatsoever. On the other hand, Nora was Torvalds whole world, and he would not dream of hurting her. Therefore, when Daisy decides to stay with Tom while Nora decides to leave Torvald, the readers are left in a confused state. Daisy stays with Tom because despite everything they are from the same social status. Tom offered Daisy certainty of position, while Gatsby has an upstart, and there are suspicions about his money. Gatsby also has no reputation in the background of being socially acceptable. Daisy stays with the group of socially stable batch, and even though Gat sby loves her, she finds her wealth and position in society more authoritative.Furthermore, Noras ultimate decision of deciding to leave her husband and children may seem uncalled for, however she did have reasons which supported her decision. The relationship she shared with Torvald was that like a father-daughter relationship, it was dishonest as well as hypocritical. There was no love between them she was Torvalds doll wife and when she realises this she tells Torvald I dont love you anymore. At the end of the play, Nora is aware of herself and the subordinate inferior position she held for so many years. She feels a strong sense of injustice, firstly by her father and the by her husband, and she accuses Torvald Its your fault Ive made nothing of my life. When she states her tendency I must try to educate myself Torvald is concerned only about appearance you havent thought of what people will say and then pathetically says I could change followed by his plaintive suggestion coul dnt we live here as brother and sister? Both these ideas were dismissed out of hand by Nora.When Ibsen presented the Helmer family to his 19th century audience, he had a strong intention of using the dramatic situation to further the consideration of the need for the status of women to be reappraised. He rejected the traditional view of women as inferior appendages to men. Ibsen believed that marriage should be a mutual arrangement, and that women had the right to develop their potential through education and involvement in the commercial world. His strongly implied unfavorable judgment of Torvald Helmer was a criticism of the traditional male paradigm.F. Scott Fitzgerald desexualise out to present an impression of American life during the exuberant period of the early 1920s. Although it was a time when women rejected restricting traditions, Fitzgerald presents more as a social commentator then crusader for change. The traditional bonds of status and security are what hold Daisys relationship with Tom together. Their marriage was far from perfect, but it was sustained they werent happy and yet they werent unhappy either there was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have verbalise that they were conspiring together.CONCLUSIONThis essay examined the different attitudes to marriage and relationships that are evident in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, and in due course it was clearly evident that neither Ibsen nor Fitzgerald present marriage from the perspective of a roman typetic bond there are other more practical considerations involved. Through F. Scott Fitzgerald, romance was presented through Jay Gatsby which was ultimately doomed due to the obsessive and irrational nature of it.Both literary works show the audience that marriage and relationships are impacted on by wider pressures of society in life but whether a marriage is sustained seems to be up to single preference.The apparent irony evident in the two pieces of literature is the fact that Nora leaves Torvald, despite the fact that he had never physically hurt her nor was he ever unfaithful to her while Daisy stays with Tom and his violent and unfaithful nature. Daisy had more reason to leave Tom than Nora had to leave Torvald, but both characters ultimately made unexpected decisions which left its impact on the audience. Daisys attitude towards marriage is not found on infatuation or love rather it is built on her status, both financial and social, and that is what she considers to be luxury. Noras regard for marriage was initially founded on what she thought was love as she knew nothing more or less. However throughout the play she learns and develops into a woman able to make her own decisions where her marriage becomes an obstacle to her individuality.Further exploration of these two works could be underinterpreted to explore the unlike pressures that are faced by m others in unhappy marriages and relationships.Catalonia narration of IndependenceCatalonia History of Independence1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historically supressed region at bottom Spain. after(prenominal) 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new antiauthoritarian Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan nationalism. Most recently the Catalan region has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority in spite of appearance the region which has created increased tensions and potential for vehemence. The report showed there has been an increase in violence and that the regime and future threats are samara concerns. The report highlights the grievances deep down the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction Europe is experiencing modern day segregation, with currently over 25 active separatist endeavors. Spain is the most divided soil inwardly Europe having experienced the most po lite wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the north west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have recently called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attendance rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the universe of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which resulted in Arthur mass, Catalonias president, being takeed and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an supplynce of sequestration could continue as theo springd based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding right to vote of no and to stay within the United Kin gdom (The financial time 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European union, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and due northern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. indoors Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a united Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is not being presented in a positively. Withinthis report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical andhistorical contexts to better understand the separatist movement withinCatalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of theCatalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it willbe obtained peacefully.3.0 Research context Tounderstand the current situation within Catalonia its place within theories mustbe examined. N ationalism is defined as a political programme. It consists ofgroups of people who define as nations who form territorial reserve states that have asingle language (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within hisspeech that a nation was a group of peopleunited by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours. Thisnation joins biographies to have one common historical narrative (Calhoun1993). Nations and nationalism can be acomplex definition with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with manyscholars by seeing nationalism as an imaginary political community. He statesthat Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, butby the style in which they are imaginedErnest Gellner (1983) said that nationalism is generally apolitical principle that holds the political and the national unit should becongruent. Gellner believes that nationalism was something that the modernworld needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation andindustrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner saying that he hadmisread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism(Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that the modern world had becomeinconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalismBruielly(1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals orprofessionals miss out on important career opportunities this may lead to arise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed throughintellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedouries theoryabout indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned tonationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to findthem suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)Nairn(1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective.He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomen on which can be seen to be aproduct of the disparities within capitalist economy (Nairn 1977). The continuation ofnationalism is linked with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006).Focusingon Europe, Woodrow Wilsons had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of genus Paris in 1919.He had a plan to divide Europe it into pagan-linguistic territorial states.The project was impracticable as well as dangerous, the cost of this feat wouldhave been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannotbe born theyre made in response to multinational incentive and power policies(Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict inEuropean history (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there werecurrently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements crossways the continent. Themovements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority arenon-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and t heir ideologies.There have been two conse shaveive waves of separationism. In the 1950s the firstseparatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questionedthe legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closelyfollowed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the mid-sixtiestoward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990s. The second wavewas surrounded by the suppression of peoples rights and liberties under thecommunist regimes (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001).Recentseparatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by thecommon notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state asthey failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisionswithin the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethnicity andnationality (Agnew 2001)Guibernau(2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined andgoverned by the state. Stateless natio ns can enjoy cultural or politicalautonomy based upon the states decision. In most cases within a region that istrying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen arebased upon previous governmental experiences of nation take a leaking. States andnations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities withenduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996)Toestablish social cohesion for a nation building project a common identity mustbe established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful dig in doing this. Itallows for people to bring the communities fears together by reducingembarrassment about speaking a native language.(Webber 1991 Trueta 2008)TheCatalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975)had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This thenmeant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. Hisregime created tensions in the countrys political system. It believed that Spainconsi sts of ethnically defined identities in several(prenominal) regions (Bylan 2014). Whendemocracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressingthe regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independentmetropolis (Mellon,2008) Inhistory by 1898, the ultranationalistic movements of Catalonia and the Basque countryhad emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identitythreatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005 PozoAndrs and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however inmore recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again(Muro 2005). Spain is not however aformal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power toseventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities in a system that iscalled the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). Thisis consistent with the theory that modern separatism is the product ofthe rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nationbuilding project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build trueCatalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas,2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as humantowers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led bylinguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014that have staged a trans makeup in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-daydisparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context Tounderstand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it isimportant to understand the common historical narrative within the state. offset timewith the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political andeconomic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th centuryBarcelona had its lower ever population. (Gine r 1980). During the 15thcentury the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime powerthat once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was atransition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have moreof an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of thereappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castilegiving them harsh treatment. Thewar of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unificationand was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a meet (theCiutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and teaching inCatalan and distributed Catalonias possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991)This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regimeoccupation (Gibernau 2000 Gibernau 2014). The events that took place startedthe work out of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno1988)In the 18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. TheNapoleonic invasion deva say the country and lead to political instability(Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes andcreated confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of asociety that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalizationwas happening around this time. Spain was in the crop of homogenisationunder the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions,they were creating a modern centralised state and this was completed in 1812.(Giner,1980) The trade unionmovement after World War One was led by the Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) whichhad 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave ofstrikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator everyday Miguel primo Riverahad conflicting views on the operative-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Riverasrepression ended in 1930, he did not successfu lly stop the unity in Catalonia. In1931 the formation of a Spains republic this was driven by the EsquerraRepublicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuineautonomy (Guibernau 2014 Illas 2014). The class system of the society at thattime was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances inurbanisation. (Giner 1980). The genuineautonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result ofthe Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Francos Victory in thewar he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castileas the ethnic core of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people(Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals andlanguage speakers. The education system featured no Catalan and the street label were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propagandachanged the narrativ e of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associatedleftists and anti-Spain figures as a cancer of the nation that needed to becured (Richards 1998) The Catalonianpopulation increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other partsof Spain during the 1960s and 1970s (Serrano 2013). During this time,Catalonian separatism was e coming together again as a political ambition to thedictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded theCatalan identity (Muro 2005). After Francos death in 1975, a central part of theregional policy was to further the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian wasdefined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which hadgranted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people tochange the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online60% of people in Catalonia spoke Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Cataloniansspoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). regional feelings for Catalan nationalism r ose inthe 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomouscommunities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identityand independence emerge (Muro 2005 Serreno 2013).5.0 Discussion Nationalismchanges all the rules a nations existence is based upon the past experiencesand it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however isnot as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can bedifferent (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previousnation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of theirown culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times asmentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident(Smith 1998). In thefight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of theEuropean union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and theEuropean single market. With the situation in Catalonia b aring resemblance tothat in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that itshould too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay trueto democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certaincircumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016)Brexitin the UK isnt good news as it questions the European project. An MP calledCiudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21stcentury. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez wouldwelcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (TheIndependent 2015) Therise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalangovernment fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the craving toreturn to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fallinto Renans definition in 1882 of a nation agroup of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighboursas the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. ArthurMas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemedpoll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financialtimes 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology 6.1.1 twenty-four hours 1 Observational study oflandscape interpret 1 The pass that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational exercise Thestreetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area wascarried out in littler groups. These groups covered different areas all meetingback at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure1. Theresults of the small groups were combined to gain a large-scale view of thearea. Along this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflictwere taken note of. The different types of yields, graffiti, stree t names andpolitical posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen topotentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format theroute tossed was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a small intervention was help to note the implications of what we had seen. Thedifferences in areas we walked through was noted as the route lead to a touring cararea however was through mainly residential streets.6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative Aguided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that maycommemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the date in which the monumentwas erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it iscommemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture andhistory is remembered within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments werenoted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents oneside more. Togauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne center fieldand memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story theyare telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), andobservations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present withinthe museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Isthere a main language? To seewhether the people within the museum either working or visiting understood itsrole, a semi organize interview was carried out. The questions asked recorded theirunderstanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whetherany part of the nerve center was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews Amethod of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitativedata on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilstgathering information about the person in question. The questions that we reasked wereAre you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence?Do you think this will be achieved peacefully?Thesequestions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person,the language in which they see to be their language, their politicalparticipation, their views about the last referendum and views on futureindependence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohenand Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviewsas you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlightthe importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the sameinformation to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results arecomparable and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the resultscould be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls thathave been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region havechanged over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative DataAquantitative data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey.Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. Thesurvey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agreewith the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statements equal the social, economic, environmental and political situations alongwith opinions on the future of Catalonia.This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed theresults to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiplemethods stated within Duffys (1987)s papers shows that this method gives acomplete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational Survey Fromthe transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city hasundergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observationsgeneralities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelonaby saying that the city was the Paris of Spain. The first notability feature wasthat of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks.Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalanpeople they associate his work with a period called Renaixena, which tried toshow better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city.TheFlags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how theystood politically. The droops that presented Catalonia were mainly flown onbuildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flagsonly stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential areadiffered, from the sloga n that was upon it to whether it had a star present. Theycan send a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in whichthe Catalan people are not afraid to change, with a flag holding greatsignificance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send astrong political message (Borgen, 2010). on board the Catalan flag EU flagswere found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independencecome an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay withinthe unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels insituations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalismin the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. TheScottish flag was observed on the transect masking the close similarities. TheCatalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area headingtowards the summation. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as thesewere mainly political or service providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should beflown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a politicalview, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags wereobserved on hotels and tourist areas. Insome areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty toan area. For example,a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3 (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. Thestreet names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have beeninfluences from Catalan (figure 4a).The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished.The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi it is a statement of the Catalanculture and is the most visited place within Spain. Throughout the streetscape we encounteredpolitical graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions ofpeople within the community w ho wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4 (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads Anti-Fascist Area. 7.2.2 MonumentsMonumentsplay an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture.Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their politicalmessage for an independent Catalonia. Theplaza de Torro monumental is a tomentum fighting ring that existed in the 20thcentury. The building is influences by Islamic intent replicating dcor fromthe previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The buildingtoday has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as theyhad ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from theculture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelonain 1888. The triomf was to hold still for victory and national pride. The Arc linksBarcelonas medieval past with its f uture. Beyond the arc lies the approximate range, withthe Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park hasa Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show howadvanced the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in thepast, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand projectthat took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to itwas Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealisingwomen and sexism that existed at that time. A band stand within the Cuitedella Park wasdedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphatic thecities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalanstatue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first andsecond war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regimewith its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) wasobserved within i n gothic quarter and is a contend symbolism, as it is seento be site of the cemetery for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714.This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11thof September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. Thesymbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview Tounderstand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalanpeople, three institutions were visited to understand how they wererepresenting the history of their culture. The first site visited was theChristopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universalexpedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor inBarcelona however said that the city should not be celebrating the explorerscolonial bequest (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelingstoward colonialization and suppression. Thesecond Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, t he levelled institutionhas 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from thebottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flowhaving recent achievements from the 21st century. An observationmade was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls werered and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have beenintentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalanculture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi,structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanishpeople will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is theCatalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted insaying that the museum celebrated his heritage and that it has influence inthe separatist movement. Sympatheticlanguage was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorshipsection said the unmistakabl e aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of itsnationhood strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptive address were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression ofCatalonias identity. Another example of this read in the museum was languagewas a slow and uneven process. The Catalonian history is showing the notion ofseparatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person atthe museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish believe that this is allmade up showing Spains undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as anation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the signalize places that vacate the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007)The el born centre showcases the streetscapewithin Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscaperepresents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, thearchaeologists could have unplowed excavating and gotten to a roman street. Theystopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when itwas a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation thatthere were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally tradingtown. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the ElBorne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum willconnect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had beencontroversial. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and hisdictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months howeverit took the Catalan 4 years from when it started to have it removed. Thehostility and want to forget the dark period of Francos dictatorship isevident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is topromote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of thenation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of g rievancesthat are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 GrievancesCatalonia has a key set of grievances towardsthe Spanish state shown in Figure 5.A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money thatthe state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historicalgrievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modernindustrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Cataloniaare financial parasites that dont provide enough for Spain. Catalonia todayhas a pecuniary deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. Thepeople of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own fundingwhen new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visitedregion within Spain. The media and television play a large part inleft and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views this way. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the powerto control the media modifies culture and is necessary for the homogenisationof the state. (Gellner 1983)Sport is an important cultural event for Catalanpeople. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation ofthe Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17thminute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout Independenceas this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. wrangle is important when expressing cultureand the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically(Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has beensupressed, tearaway(a) the need for the language to be expressed and recognisedinternationally. 7.2.5 Surveyresults A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesisof will Catalon ia resort to violence togain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Theresults obtained from the combined groups matches those pull together from theCatalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample sizeand closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The surveywas conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplacedetermined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linkedwith how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentagebetween the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not thathigh. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happeningin the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed.Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this mayincrease the likely hood of violence . Historically within Catatonia has hadsuch events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representationof some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediationstage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have notyet concluded what they want. Figure 6 Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled. 5.2.6 Social Vulnerability SurveyTheseresults are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7 Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. Thecloser the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though itis. With the survey showing that people are worried about the governance,environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. Theeconomy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 afterthe recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. Inregards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region.The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, whichwas pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion Toconclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. Theconflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figurecould change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will startechoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to acceptthe hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort toviolence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum whenother democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with themnot being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yetdisappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results withgovernance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations Thek ey recommendations for peace within the region are Allowingthe Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help inimproving infrastructure. Themedia needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscaldeficit needs improved and theres a lot of tension towards Spain and theuneven taxingGentrificationof city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would beworking in the city. Toallow for an official referendum. BibliographyAgnew,J., 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), pp.103111. Anderson,B. 1983 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and airing ofNationalism London Verso. AndersonB (2006) Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNationalism, revised edn. London VersoAshworth, G.J., Graham, B.J. and Tunbridge,J.E., 2007.Pluralising pastsheritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. 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